Forefront in Engineering & Technology (FET) is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes research papers & other mainstream research communications on a broad range of topics. FET is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal.
Groundwater Potential Zoning in Kalahandi District of Odisha using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques
Groundwater has for a long time been a source of drinking water to urban and rural populations for both the developed and developing countries, therefore the understanding of the nature of this important resource, its potential zones, how much there is available, how long it may last in different places at current rates of extraction, are very important. With the use Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing and technologies, groundwater potential zone mapping has become a less tedious procedure from the recent past, as the use of these techniques has offered a new avenue for groundwater availability assessment and identification of potential zones. In this present study, an attempt is made to identify groundwater potential zones in Kalahandi district, Odisha, India is using remote sensing and GIS techniques at the Dept of Soil and water conservation and Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during 2018-19
Ground Water Potential Zoning Remote Sensing GIS
Copyright (c) 2023 Forefront in Engineering & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Skills Required by Farmers in the Processing of Cassava into Flour to Combat Hunger in a Depressed Economy in Kogi State, Nigeria
The purpose of this study was to identify the skills required by farmers in the processing of cassava into flour for increased income generation in Kogi state, Nigeria. In line with the specific purpose of the study, one research question and one corresponding null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The sample for the study was 100, comprising of 80 Extension Agents and 20 farmers of cassava purposively drawn from a population of 674 registered farmers and 256 Extension Agents from three randomized Local Government Areas using Cluster sampling technique. Instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire validated by three experts in the Department of Vocational Education, University of Calabar with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.87. The Independent t-test was used to test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The result of the analysis revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean rating of Extension Agents and cassava farmers with the skills required for processing cassava into flour. Based on the findings, it was recommended that these skills should be packaged into a training programme for farmers by Extension Agents to train farmers in order to improve their processing of cassava tubers into flour.
Water Requirement of Kharif Paddy of Kandhamal District Of Odisha, India
This experiment was conducted at CAET, OUAT, and Bhubaneswar during 2020 for partial completion of B.Tech degree. Due to continuous increase in population, the water demand and utilization have increased significantly. Rainfall is a limited source for productive agriculture in the province. But the sustainable management and use of water resources for food production is an important issue. So water requirement of crops was also an important part. Water used by crops is predominantly lost by transpiration (T) but there are also evaporative (E) losses from the soil and from plant surfaces. Crop water requirement is defined as the depth of water needed to meet the water losses through evapotranspiration (ET) of a disease free crop, growing in large fields under non restricting soil conditions including soil water and fertility while achieving full production potential under the given growing environment. Evapotranspiration is important to evaluate the irrigation potentialities of various agricultural zones and helps improve the practices of water management and crop production. The water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (IR) of various crops were calculated by using Hargreaves method. Relevant crop coefficients (Kc), duration of crops and cropping pattern were used to calculate WR from ETo. These coefficients present the relationship between references (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ET crop) or ET crop = Kc * ETo. Value of Kc varies with the crop, its stage of growth, growing season and the prevailing weather conditions. ET crop or WR can be determined in mm per day.
Characteristics of 19e/17 Watershed of Kandhamal District of Odisha, India
This experiment was conducted at Dept.of Soil and Water Conservation and Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It was conducted to estimate the hydrologic parameters of 19E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district under North- eastern ghat zone. In this study the various hydrological parameters of 19E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district was founded out using the toposheet. To carry out this experiment the contour lines were marked to demarcate the high points and the delineation of the watershed was done with this the streamline was also marked which carry the runoff from the entire catchment area. Various features of hydrological parameters were found out. Simulating these data the runoff volume could be calculated and the possibilities of construction of river valley projects in that area can be obtained. The shape of the watershed is fern shape. Due to narrow catchments the peak flood intensity is reduced since discharges are likely to be distributed over a long period of time. The drainage density (Dd) was found to be 9.48Km-1 which is a high value and indicates that the basin is moderately impermeable and also high bifurcation ratio indicates higher Dd. It is affected by permeability, climate, vegetation, length of the stream. The watershed planning and the cropping pattern of the watershed in the command area have been carried out.
Hydrological Characteristics and Crop Planning of 65e/15 Watershed of Kandhamal District of Odisha, India
This experiment was conducted at Dept.of Soil and Water Conservation and Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It was conducted to estimate the hydrologic parameters of 65E/15 watershed of Kandhamal district under North- eastern ghat zone of Odisha. In this study the various hydrological parameters of 65E/15 watershed of Kandhamal district were found out using the toposheet. To carry out this experiment the contour lines were marked to demarcate the high points and the delineation of the watershed was done with this the streamline was also marked which carry the runoff from the entire catchment area. Various features of hydrological parameters were found out. Simulating these data the runoff volume could be calculated and the possibilities of construction of river valley projects in that area can be obtained. The watershed planning and the cropping pattern of the watershed in the command area has been carried out.
Water and Irrigation Requirement for Summer Rice Crop of North Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Odisha
Due to continuous increase in population, the water demand and utilization have increased significantly. Rainfall is a limited source for productive agriculture in the province. But the sustainable management and use of water resources for food production is an important issue. So water requirement of crops was also an important part. Water used by crops is predominantly lost by transpiration (T) but there are also evaporative (E) losses from the soil and from plant surfaces. Crop water requirement is defined as the depth of water needed to meet the water losses through evapotranspiration (ET) of a disease free crop, growing in large fields under non restricting soil conditions including soil water and fertility while achieving full production potential under the given growing environment. Evapotranspiration is important to evaluate the irrigation potentialities of various agricultural zones and helps improve the practices of water management and crop production. The crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (IR) of various crops were calculated using CROPWAT 8.0. Relevant crop coefficients (Kc), duration of crops and cropping pattern were used to calculate CWR from ETo. These coefficients present the relationship between references (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ET crop) or ET crop = Kc * ETo. Value of Kc varies with the crop, its stage of growth, growing season and the prevailing weather conditions. ET crop or CWR can be determined in mm per day. Water (ETc) and irrigation requirement of summer rice is 853mm and 661mm respectively
Agricultural Developmental Activities to Double the Crop Yield of Bisoi Block of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha during this Corona Period
An experiment was conducted to find out the difficulties in increase the crop yield of Bisoi block of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, during the year 2020 at OUAT,Bhubaneswar under U.G.course. The Bisoi block of Mayurbhanj district is located in the North-East part of Odisha. Latitude - 22° 9' 31.7520'' N; Longitude - 86° 24' 35.5392'' E; Altitude – 112m. Mayurbhanj district is bounded by the Jharkhand State in the north, Balasore district in the south, West Bengal State in the east and Keonjhar district in the west. Mayurbhanj district covers a geographical area of 10418 sq.km which place in the 1st position in terms of geographical area in the state as per Census of India i.e. 6.69% of land of the total landmass of the state. As per 2011 census, the population of the district is 23.48 lakhs which ranks 3rd position in the state. The soil of the district may be broadly classified into Matured Red& Lateritic soil (Alfisols), Mixed Grey Soil (Inceptisols) and Unalted Soils with coarse parent materials (Entosols). The red soil is further classified into three subgroups namely, Typical soil, Red loamy soil and Clay - loam soil. The geographical area of the block is 37,291 Ha and gross and net cropped area is 23,287 and 18,535 Ha respectively. So to improve the crop yield the farmers should go for a soil test, improved variety, required quantity of fertilizer as per soil test and soil conservation measures and use of Agril implements. A Marketing facility should be there along with banking facility, so that the farmers will not go to outside state for getting money.
Agricultural Developmental Activities Double Crop Yield Odisha Corona Virus
Water and Irrigation Requirement for Sunflower Crop of North Central Plateau Zone of Odisha
The crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation requirement (IR) of Sunflower crops were calculated using a web based software. Relevant crop coefficients (Kc), duration of crops and cropping pattern were used to calculate CWR from ETo. These coefficients present the relationship between references (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ET crop) or ET crop = Kc * ETo. The covered area of all crops (canopy cover) was collected. The Kc values were taken from FAO. The CWR were calculated for the north central plateau zone of Odisha for which climatic data were available and were applied to the nearest Research station. The effective rainfall was calculated with web based software by using FAO conversion table. The CWR and IR value was also calculated through this web based software Water requirement of Sunflower, is 518.6 mm Irrigation requirement is 442.8 mm in this zone 2. By using the software a farmer of this zone can find out the water requirement and irrigation requirement by giving the crop name according to their season and duration of crop.
Hydrological and geo morphological characteristics and crop planning of 73E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district of Odisha, India
This experiment was conducted at Dept.of Soil and Water Conservation and Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It was conducted to estimate the hydrologic parameters of 73E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district under North- eastern ghat zone of Odisha. In this study the various hydrological parameters of 73E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district were found out using the toposheet. To carry out this experiment the contour lines were marked to demarcate the high points and the delineation of watershed was done with this the stream line was also marked which carry the runoff from the entire catchment area. Various features of hydrological parameters were found out. Simulating these data the runoff volume could be calculated and the possibilities of construction of river valley projects in that area can be obtained. The watershed planning and the cropping pattern of the watershed in the command area have been carried out.
Scientific Study:(Solutions and Recommendations to avoid the Spread of Corona Virus Covid 19 in Iraq)
This case study to solve social scientific problem in Iraq and world like spread of infection , that described some suggestions and solutions to reduce the spread of corona virus infection, especially among children and the elderly, who have immune system problems, heart diseases and respiratory diseases, in addition to finding solutions of the infection Problem : Name Problem : Suggestions and solutions of Social problem(spread of corona virus.19 ). Type of Study : Scientific Study for Treatment of Scientific-Social Problem (spread of corona virus.19). Aim of Scientific Study : Finding solutions of spread of corona virus. 19.
Difference Double Sequence Space 2m(M,ϕ,∆_m^n,p)^F of Fuzzy Real numbers defined by Double Orlicz Function
In this paper, we introduced the difference double sequence space of fuzzy real numbers defined by a double Orlicz function of both and . We studied some properties on that sequence space as symmetricity, solidness, and convergence -free. We have proved many inclusion results too.
Review on Chemical-Biological Applications of Thiazole Derivatives
This review showed many chemical methods for preparation ,reactions, applications, uses of thiazole derivatives in many fields like in: coordination chemistry, analytical reagents, biological field like in antibacterial agents ,antifungal agents, in a medicinal chemistry or in pharmaceutical chemistry like as a drugs. The review covers possible chemical and medical applications of thiazoles derivatives.
Optimization of Bacterioc in Producing Probiotic Lactobacillus Spp. Isolated From Broiler Chicken Gut
Thirteen presumptive thermo-tolerant Lactobacilli isolates were isolated from the small intestines of domestic chickens (Gallus domessticus) and were tested against variouscommercial antibiotics used in chicken feed to test antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus spp. Isolates were identified by generating dendogram based on biochemical profiling results which was confirmed using PCR reaction. Bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus sp. was optimized at different physicochemical factors which showed satisfactory zone of inhibition against pathogenic test organisms, both with and without purification. Four out of thirteen confirmed Lactobacillus sp. isolates showed resistance against Ciprofloxacin and one isolate showed resistance against erythromycin. A dendrogram was generated using biotyping where the isolates exhibited similarity to different species situated at same clusters and PCR assay confirmed isolates as Lactobacillus sp. upto genus level. Lactobacillus population will not decrease even after consumption of Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin by humans to control gastroenteritis caused by enterobacteriace and probiotic activity of Lactobacillus sp. will not decrease and interfered by resistant antibiotics. Bacteriocin showed active bactericidal activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, B. subtillis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae and E. fecalis. Future prospect involves purification of bacteriocin, MIC and MBC of produced Bacteriocin against test isolates.
Rainfall Probability Analysis for Crop Planning in Ganjam District of Hirakud Command Area of Odisha, India
This study was under taken in the U.G. thesis work in the Dept. Of SWCE, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar during the year 2018-19.Ganjam district has latitude of 19o23'15''N and a longitude of 85o 03'05''E. The average rainfall at Anugul district is around 1132.7 mm, though it receives high amount rainfall but most of the rainfall occurred during khari .So most of the crops get low yield due to improper crop planning. Thus, this study is proposed to be undertaken with the following objective: Probability analysis of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall data of Ganjam district. So rainfall data were collected from OUAT, Agril Meteorology Dept. from 2001 to 2017(17 years) monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall was analysed. Probability analysis have been made and equations were fitted to different distributions and best fitted equations were tested. Monthly, Annual and seasonal probability analysis of rainfall data shows the probability rainfall distribution of Ganjam district in different months, years and seasons. It is observed that rainfall during June to Sep is slightly less than 1000 mm and cropping pattern like paddy(110 days) may be followed by mustard is suitable to this region. Also if the kharif rain can be harvested and it can be reused for another rabi crop by using sprinkler or drip irrigation, which will give benefit to the farmers. Annual rainfall of Ganjam district is 1132.7 mm at 50% probability level.
A Novel Technique of Utilization of Common Mode Voltage as an Energy Source
The domestic supply socket consists of three terminals namely live, neutral and earth. The potential difference between live and neutral is almost of constant magnitude while the P.D between neutral and earth should be ideally zero. But practically it is not zero. A small PD exists between the neutral and earth terminals due to the voltage drop across the resistance of the neutral wire. Its value ranges from .1-6V depends on the loads connected and the amount of unbalance between the phases. The voltage is maximum at peak hours at midday. It is small in the morning and evening. Till now there has been no practical usage of this small potential difference. Experiments were carried out to find the credibility of this small voltage for practical applications. The most important field that has been found is electrolysis. Strong and weak electrolytes require different circuits for proper utilization of the NE potential. Construction and characteristics of such circuits (making use of the small potential difference between neutral and earth terminals) have been dealt with in this paper in detail.
Copyright (c) 2023 Forefront Journal of Engineering & Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Causes of Contamination by Compounds in Air and Environment
An air poison is a material in the air that can have contrary effects on humans and the ecosystem. The constituent can be compacted particles, liquid precipitations, or gases. A waste product can be of ordinary origin or man-ready. Pollutants are categorized as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes for instance ash from a volcanic eruption. Other cases exclude carbon monoxide gas from motor truck expends or sulphur dioxide on the rampage from manufacturing works. Secondary pollutants are not released directly. Rather, they form in the air while primary pollutants react or interact.
Review on Chemical-Biological Fields of Chalcone Compounds
Chalcones as a chemical compound became an object of sustained interest in each fields( academia besides and industry). Currently, numerous chalcones derivatives are applied to treatment of viral disorders, cardiovascular infections, parasitic toxicities, pain, gastritis, besides stomach tumor, as well as like food flavors with cosmetic formulation ingredients. However, abundant of the medicinal potential of chalcones is remain not utilized. The aim of this survey is to refer to chalcone importance, applications, preparations, reactions besides to scientists in the pharmacological screening of formatted chalcones, studying importance of chalcone, with preparation of pharmacologically active chalcones with their biological activities. Certainly occurring chalcones have been applied in traditional medicine to numerous years; however, topical scientific advances have appeared that these compounds have a capacious range of biological activities in a multiplicity of organisms. A survey on the main sources of chalcones besides the main compounds events convoluted in the modes of exploit of these natural compounds is achieved. Chalcones are chemical compounds with a broad spectrum of biological activities, that are of great concentration in agriculture to control weeds besides unwanted pests.
Water Requirement for Different Crops in North Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Odisha
A study was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during 2014-15 to find out the water requirement of North Eastern Coastal Plain zones of Odisha. Water plays a vital role for every living being. Water is and will become scarce natural resource in the near future. A clear understanding of the water balance is essential for exploring water saving measures. Due to economic and environmental constraints on new water resources developments, and increasing municipal and industrial needs, agriculture’s share of water use is likely to go down day by day. Water resources management is due to the increase of the population and water demand especially in India, which is classified as arid and semi- arid regions. In India with such large population is facing unique challenges of water scarcity due to diverse geographical, climatic and geo-environmental conditions apart from unequal distribution of freshwater resources. On an average North Eastern Coastal Plain of Odisha receives about 1568 mm of rainfall, which is uneven, erratic and uncertain in nature. Therefore efficient and effective water management strategies are essential for meeting the increasing water demand of agricultural, domestic, industrial and environmental sectors. Agriculture is the one of important sector which utilizes around 60% of fresh water resource. Agriculture is the backbone of India. So it is needed to manage the water in the field of agriculture efficiently. Keeping the above in view, the following objectives are selected for this study, 1. Estimation of reference evapotranspiration for North Eastern Coastal Plain of Odisha using weather data of the respective localities.2. Screening of methods to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration close to FAO – 56 Penman-Monteith method. 3. Assessment of crop water requirement for major crops grown in agro-climatic zones of Odisha. Among all the methods, correction factor for Penman-Monteith and 1982 Kimberly-Penman methods approaches to one in most of the zones. The FAO-24 Penman (c=1), Turc and Priestly-Taylor methods give more diversion from FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. The correction factor ranges from 0.759 to 1.261 all over the state. Water requirement was found out for all the major crops of this zone for all the seasons.
Strong Insertion of a Contra-Continuous Function between Two Comparable Contra-α−Continuous (Contra-C−Continuous) Functions
Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of lower cut sets are given for the strong insertion of a contra-continuous function between two comparable real-valued functions on such topological spaces that the kernel of sets are open.
Measurements of Boron Concentration in Water wells Samples of Al-Diwaniyan Governorates-Iraq Using SSNTDs Techniques
Consumption of food and drinking water that polluted with boron may lead to a hazard for consumers. Thus, the concentration of boron in food stuffs should be determined. In the current study, drinking water samples were collected from different places in Basrah /Iraq while water wells samples collected from several places in Diwaniya/Iraq. The detection of boron levels was carried out by examining the collected water samples using SSNTDs method. The obtained results of boron levels are between 4.11ppm (alsuniya 2 well belt) and 0.53 ppm (Eastern Hamza 4 well). The findings of this study have been compared with international standard values and published studies. These findings could be used to create rules by Iraqi government to reduce the radioactive contamination of drinking water in Basrah/Iraq. The current research has been shown that 24 surface water samples have boron less than international standard values. Hence, the level of boron in Basrah drinking water is normal. However, there is possibility of severe pollution problem with boron in near future. Thus, more studies are needed to be done in the future.